Appendix A: Wind Scale and Wave Charts

Appendix A: Wind Scale and Wave Chart:: Beaufort Scale, Short.; Wind Scale after Beaufort.
Wind-to-Wave Charts:: Function of Fetch, 0-500km.; Function of Fetch, 0-100km.; Function of Fetch, 0-20km.; Function of Time, 0-90 minutes.; End of Previous - End of Current - Start of Next Section.

 No:  Wind type:                      Knots:    Metres/second:
  0   Calm  (Stille)                  0 -  1    0.00 -  0.52
  1   Light Airs  (Flau vind)         2 -  3    0.52 -  1.80
  2   Light Breeze  (Svak vind)       4 -  6    1.80 -  3.35
  3   Gentle Breeze  (Lett bris)      7 - 10    3.35 -  5.41
  4   Moderate Breeze  (Laber bris)  11 - 16    5.41 -  8.50
  5   Fresh Breeze  (Frisk bris)     17 - 21    8.50 - 11.07
  6   Strong Breeze  (Liten kuling)  22 - 27   10.07 - 14.16
  7   Near Gale  (Stiv kuling)       28 - 33   14.16 - 17.25
  8   Gale  (Sterk kuling)           34 - 40   17.25 - 20.86
  9   Strong Gale  (Liten storm)     41 - 47   20.86 - 24.46
 10   Storm (Full storm)             48 - 55   24.46 - 28.58
 11   Violent Storm  (Sterk storm)   56 - 63   28.58 - 32.70
 12   Hurricane  (Orkan)             64 - ->   32.70 -   ->

Page 545.

Appendix A: WIND SCALE AND WAVE CHARTS.

Page 546. (blank) Page 547.

Wind Scale after Beaufort:

Beaufort 0: Calm (Stille)
Wind velocity: 0 - 1 knot (0.0 - 0.52 m/s): Sea like a mirror.
Beaufort 1: Light Airs (Flau vind)
Wind velocity: 1 - 3 knots (0.52 - 1.80 m/s): Ripples with the appearence of scales are formed, but without foam crests.
Beaufort 2: Light Breeze (Svak vind)
Wind velocity: 4 - 6 knots (1.80 - 3.35 m/s): Small wavelets, short but pronounced; crests have a glossy appearance, but do not break.
Beaufort 3: Gentle Breeze (Lett bris)
Wind velocity: 7 - 10 knots (3.35 - 5.41 m/s): Large wavelets, crests begin to break. Foam of glossy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses.
Beaufort 4: Moderate Breeze (Laber bris)
Wind velocity: 11 - 16 knots (5.41 - 8.50 m/s): Small waves, becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses.
Beaufort 5: Fresh Breeze (Frisk bris)
Wind velocity: 17 - 21 knots (8.50 - 11.07 m/s): Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed. Chance of some spray.
Beaufort 6: Strong Breeze (Liten kuling)
Wind velocity: 22 - 27 knots (10.07 - 14.16 m/s): Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere. Probably some spray.
Beaufort 7: Near Gale (Stiv kuling)
Wind velocity: 28 - 33 knots (14.16 - 17.25 m/s): Sea keeps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind. Spindrift begins to be seen.
Beaufort 8: Gale (Sterk kuling)
Wind velocity: 34 - 40 knots (17.25 - 20.86 m/s): Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests break into spindrift. The foam is blown in well marked streaks along the direction of the wind. Spray affects visibility.

Page 548.

Beaufort 9: Strong Gale (Liten storm)
Wind velocity: 41 - 47 knots (20.86 - 24.46 m/s): High waves. Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Sea begins to roll. Visibility affected.
Beaufort 10: Storm (Full storm)
Wind velocity: 48 - 55 knots ( 24.46 - 28.58 m/s ): Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam is in great patches and is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole of the surface the sea takes a white appearence. The rolling of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like. Visibility is affected.
Beaufort 11: Violent Storm (Sterk storm)
Wind velocity: 56 - 63 knots (28.58 - 32.70 m/s): Exceptionally high waves. Sea completely covered with long white patches of foam lying in direction of wind. Everywhere edges of wave crests are blown into fret. Visibility affected.
Beaufort 12: Hurricane (Orkan)
Wind velocity: more than 64 knots (more than 32.70 m/s): Air filled with foam and spray. Sea white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected.

Page 549. Sea-state as Function of Fetch, 0-500km.
Calculated according to Section 3.4.5,Equation (3.4.57)

Sea-state as Function of Fetch, 0-100km.
Calculated according to Section 3.4.5,Equation (3.4.57)

Page 550. Sea-state as Function of Fetch, 0-20km.
Calculated according to Section 3.4.5,Equation (3.4.57)

Sea-state as Function of Time, 0-90 minutes.
Calculated according to Section 3.4.5,Equation (3.4.58)

End of Appendix A - Wind Scale and Wave Charts.
Next is Appendix B - Table of Gamma and Poly-Gamma Functions.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Grace ~ ~ ~ ~

YOU SHOULD KNOW that our brother Timothy                                  13.22
   has been freed. Along with him, if he 
   comes here shortly, I will see you.
Extend our greetings to all your leaders                                    .24
   and to all the saints. The Italian
   believers send you greetings.

                    Grace be with you all.                                  .25
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